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Psusennes II : ウィキペディア英語版 | Psusennes II
Titkheperure or Tyetkheperre Psusennes II (HREF="http://www.kotoba.ne.jp/word/11/Greek language" TITLE="Greek language">Greek Ψουσέννης ) or Hor-Pasebakhaenniut II (HREF="http://www.kotoba.ne.jp/word/11/Egyptian language" TITLE="Egyptian language">Egyptian ''ḥr-p3-sb3-ḫˁỉ--nỉwt'' ), was the last king of the Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt. His royal name means "Image of the transformations of Re" in Egyptian.〔Peter Clayton, Chronology of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1994. p.178〕 Psusennes II is often considered the same person as the High-Priest of Amun known as Psusennes III.〔Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss & David Warburton (editors), Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies), Brill: 2006, p.221 Karl Jansen-Winkeln in his treatment for the 'Dynasty 21' chapter of this book writes that "the evidence weighs heavily in favour of his (ie. Psusennes III) being one and the same man, who was first HP and then successor to King Siamun in Tanis, without giving up his Theban office."〕 The Egyptologist Karl Jansen-Winkeln notes that an important graffito from the Temple of Abydos contains the complete titles of a king ''Tyetkheperre Setepenre Pasebakhaenniut Meryamun'' "who is simultaneously called the HPA (ie. High Priest of Amun) and supreme military commander."〔Jansen-Winkeln in Hornung, Krauss & Warburton, p.222〕 This suggests that Psusennes was both king at Tanis and the High Priest in Thebes at the same time meaning he did not resign his office as High Priest of Amun during his reign.〔Jansen-Winkeln in Hornung, Krauss & Warburton, p.223〕 The few contemporary attestations from his reign include the aforementioned graffito in Seti I's Abydos temple, an ostracon from Umm el-Qa'ab, an affiliation at Karnak and his presumed burial – which consists of a gilded coffin with a royal uraeus and a Mummy, found in an antechamber of Psusennes I's tomb at Tanis. He was a High Priest of Amun at Thebes and the son of Pinedjem II and Istemkheb. His daughter Maatkare B was the Great Royal Wife of Osorkon I. ==Secure attestation of Psusennes II== Items which can be added to this list include a Year 5 Mummy linen that was written with the High Priest Psusennes III's name. It is generally assumed that a Year 13 III Peret 10+X date in fragment 3B, line 6 of the Karnak Priestly Annals belongs to his reign.〔K.A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC) 3rd ed., Warminster: Aris & Phillips Ltd, p.423〕 Unfortunately, however, the king's name is not stated and the only thing which is certain is that the fragment must be dated after Siamun's reign whose Year 17 is mentioned in lines 3-5.〔Kitchen, p.423〕 Hence, it belongs to either Psusennes II or possibly Shoshenq I's reign. More impressive are the number of objects which associate Psusennes II together with his successor, Shoshenq I, such as an old statue of Thutmose III (Cairo CG 42192) which contains two parallel columns of texts – one referring to Psusennes II and the other to Shoshenq I – a recently unearthed block from Tell Basta which preserves the nomen of Shoshenq I together with the prenomen of Psusennes II, and a now lost graffito from Theban Tomb 18.〔Aidan Dodson, "Psusennes II and Shoshenq I," JEA 79(1993), pp.267-268〕 Recently, the first conclusive date for king Psusennes II was revealed in a newly published priestly annal stone block. This document, which has been designated as 'Block Karnak 94, CL 2149,' records the induction of a priest named Nesankhefenmaat into the chapel of Amun-Re within the Karnak precinct in Year 11 the first month of Shemu day 13 of a king named Psusennes.〔Frederic Payraudeau, ''De nouvelles annales sacerdotales de Siamon, Psousennès II et Osorkon Ier.'', BIFAO 108 (2008), p.294〕 The preceding line of this document recorded the induction of Nesankhefenmaat's father, a certain Nesamun, into the priesthood of Amun-Re in king Siamun's reign.〔Payraudeau, BIFAO 108, p.294〕 Siamun was the predecessor of Psusennes II at Tanis. The identification of the aforementioned Psusennes with Psusennes II is certain since the same fragmentary annal document next records—in the following line—the induction of Hor, the son of Nesankhefenmaat, into the priesthood of the chapel of Amun-Re at Karnak in Year 3 the second month of Akhet day 14 of king Osorkon I's reign just one generation later.〔—with Shoshenq I's 21-year reign being skipped over. This would not be unexpected since most Egyptologists believe that a generation in Egyptian society lasted a minimum of 25 years and a maximum of 30 years.〔Karl Jansen-Winkeln, The Relevance of Geneaological Information for Egyptian Chronology, Äegypte und Levante 16, (2006), pp.266-271〕 Therefore, the Year 11 date can only be assigned to Psusennes II and constitutes the first securely attested date for this pharaoh's reign. The British Egyptologist Aidan Dodson also accepts this new evidence from Frederic Payraudeau's discovery of this new unknown fragment of the Karnak priestly annals and has now discarded his previously published late 1980's theory that Psusennes II's reign lay entirely within the reign of Sheshonk I.〔Aidan Dodson, "The Transition between the 21st and 22nd Dynasties Revisited" in ''The Libyan Period in Egypt, Historical and Cultural Studies into the 21st-24th Dynasties: Proceedings of a Conference at Leiden University'', 25–27 October 2007, GPF Broekman, R.J. Demaree & O.E. Kaper (eds.) Peeters, Leuven, 2009. p.103〕 Dodson notes the recently found annal block document establishes that Psusennes II "was indeed a 'real' king, with a reign that was recognized at Thebes."〔Dodson, p.103〕 Dodson also writes that Psusennes II's royal status was confirmed when Jean Yoyotte realized "that a batch of crude faience shabtis bearing the name of a () Pasebkhanut (ie. Psusennes) found in the antechamber of Tanis () NRT-III did not belong to the tomb's original owner, Pasebkhanut I, as had originally been assumed, but to the later king of the () name."〔Jean Yoyotte, L'Or des pharaons, Paris, 1987, 136-7 ()〕〔Dodson, pp.103-104〕 This means that Psusennes II's long decayed coffin and mummy is located in the debris of this antechamber of Psusennes I's Tanis tomb where Heqakheperre Sheshonk II's coffin and mummy mask was also discovered.〔Dodson, p.104〕
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